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	30 Jan 2003
	References in alphabetical order

Quick jump:

impact structure	details and references
A
ACRAMAN, Australia	Also diameter of 160km has been offered. Remains of ejecta blanket has been found 300 km away from the structure. Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
ALAMO, USA	Leroux H., et.al., "Shocked quatrz in the Alamo breccia, southern Nevada: Evidence for a Devonian impact event", Geology, V. 23, p. 1003-1006 Warme J. E. and Kuehner H. C., "Anatomy of an Anomaly: The Devonian Catastrophic Alamo Impact Breccia of Southern Nevada," International Geology Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, (1998) Notkin G., "Beneath an Invisible Sea: Hiking the Alamo Breccia", Meteorite, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 14-17 (Feb 2002)
AMES, USA	Age 470 ±30 Ma was from stratigraphic evidences. Ages around 300 Ma is from 40Ar-39Ar dating of impact melt in the Nicor Chestnut 18-4 drill core. C. Koeberl, W. U. Reimold and S. P. Kelley, "Petrography, geochemistry, and 40Ar-39Ar ages of impact melt rocks and breccias from the Ames Impact Structure, Oklahoma: The Nicor Chestnut 18-4 drill core", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36, 2001
AMGUID, Algeria	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 P. Lambert et al., Meteoritics, vol.15, p.157, 1980 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
AOROUNGA, Chad	Also age of 200 Myr has been offered. Diameter of 17 km has been offered. NASA 1988 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
AOUELLOUL, Mauritania	Synonym: Hofrat Aouelloul Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 D. Storzer, Meteoritics, Vol.6, p.319, 1971 R.F. Fudali and W.A. Cassidy, Meteoritics, vol.7, p.51, 1972 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
ARANGUAINHA DOME, Brazil	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz and B.M. French, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.8, p.345, 1973 and Nature, vol. 244, p.561, 1973
AVAK, USA	Reference?
AZUARA, Spain	Ages of <130 and 40 Ma has been offered. It seems possible that Azuara and Rubiela de la Cérida are formed during the same event. The paper by Cortés et. al. published in MAPS (2002) claims that Azuara is not confirmed impact structure. The paper is not very good science. They seems to ignore many presented evidences which are way more convincing than they seems to realize. This seems again a case where somebody, who has said or wrote something does not accept the fact that he/she might be wrong. Azuara samples seems to show many evidence for shock metamorphosis. Including PDF's, diaplectic glasses and shatter cones, which are widely recognized as evidences of impact origin. More about Azura: www.impact-structures.com/azuara.htm. A.L. Cortés, E. Diaz-Martínez, E. Sanz-Rubio, J. Martínez-Frías and C. Fernández, "Cosmic impact versus terrestrial origin of the Azuara structure (Spain): A review", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 875-894 (2002) F. Lagenhorst and A. Deutsch, "The Azuara and Rubielos structures, Spain: Twin impact craters or Alpine thrust systems? TEM investigations on deformed quartz disprove shock origin.", in XXVII Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., Abstract Vol. (Lunar and Planet. Inst. Houston 1996) Hodge 1994 Ernstson, K. & Fiebag, J., "The Azuara impact structure (Spain): new insights from geophysical and geological investigations." - Geol.Rundschau, 81/2, 403-427, 1992. Ernstson, K. & Claudin, F., "Pelarda Formation (Eastern Iberian Cains, NE Spain): Ejecta of the Azuara impact structure." - N.Jb.Geol.Paläont.Mh., 581-599, 1990 Ernstson K., Feld H., and Fiebag J., "Impact hypothesis for the Azuara structure (Spain) strengthened (abstract.)" Meteoritics 22, p. 373, 1987 Ernstson, K., Hamman, W., Fiebag, J. & Graup, G., "Evidence of an impact origin for the Azuara structure (Spain)." - Earth Planet.Sci.Let., 74, 361-370, 1985.
B
BARRINGER, USA	Synonyms: Arizona Crater, the Meteor Crater, Canon Diablo, Canyon Diablo, Coon Butte, Crater Mound, Winslow Crater Meteorite: Canyon Diablo (iron IA, coarce oct.) William D. Clatworthy, "The Mysterious Tomb of a Giant Meteorite", The National Geographic Magazine (June 1928) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 G.P. Merrill, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, San Fransisco, vol.32, p.259, 1920
BEAVERHEAD, USA	Present day diameter only 15km? Hodge 1994
BEE BLUFF, USA	Hodge 1994
BEYENCHIME-SALAATIN, Russia	Also diameter of 7.5 km has been offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975
BIGACH, Kazakstan	Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
BJÖRKÖ, Sweden	In some references this structure is not confirmed. And it is possible that this structure will be removed also from this list. Diameter 10 km also offered. Flodén T., Söderberg P. & Wickman F.E., Björkö, a possible Middle Proterozoic impact structure west of Stockholm.- Geol. Fören. Stockholm Förh. 115, p. 25-38, 1993
BOLTYSH, Ukraine	Synonyms: Boltyschskij, Boltyshka, Boltyshskiy Diameter 25 km? Impactor: chondrite Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis, Meteoritika, vol.33, p.64, 1974
BOSUMTWI, Ghana	Synonyms: Lake Bosumtwi, Ashanti Crater 10.5 km is rim-to-rim diameter, diameter of geophysical anomalities is 12 km. Origin of ivorite -tektites. Impactor: iron Meteoritics & Planetary Science (July 2000) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M. Maclaren, Geogr. Journ., London, vol.78, p.270, 1931 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
BOXHOLE, Australia	Age of 0.005Myr offered. Meteorite: Boxhole (iron IIIA, med. oct.). Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 C.T. Madigan, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol.61, p.187, 1937 P.W. Hodge and F.W. Wright, Meteoritics, vol.8, p.315, 1973.
BP STRUCTURE, Libya	Synonyms: Gebel Dalma BP comes from Brittish Petroleum. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 A.J. Martin, Nature, vol.223, p.940, 1969 B.M. French et al., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol.85, p.1425, 1974 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
BRENT, Canada	Impactor: chondrite Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 P.M. Millman et al., Contr. Dominion Observ., Ottawa, Vol.24, no.4, 1960
C
CALVIN, USA	Diameter of 7km offered. Hodge 1994
CAMPO DEL CIELO, Argentina	Found 1933. Meteorite: Campo del Cielo (iron IA, coarce oct.). There is about 20 craters. Craters of Campo del Cielo crater Økm Meteorite material (kg) 1 Hoyo de la Canada 0.105 2 Hoyo Rubin de Cellis 0.070 3 Laguna Negra 0.115 4 Hoyo Aislado 0.085 5 0.045 6a 0.035 6b 0.020 7 0.096x0.074 8 0.046x0.028 9 La Perdida ? 5 200 (several pieces) 10 Gomez 0.025 37 000 ("Chaco") 11 ? Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 W.A. Cassidy, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.5, p.187, 1970 A. Romana and W.A. Cassidy, Meteoritics, vol.8, p.430, 1973
CARSWELL, Canada	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., No.1320, p.15, 1969
CHARLEVOIX, Canada	Synonym: La Malbaie structure Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 D.W. Roy and J. Rondot, abs. ibid., p.219, 1970. P.B. Robertson, EOS, vol.55, p.336, 1974
CHESAPEAKE BAY, USA	Twin with Toms Canyon? C.W.Poag, "Late eocene star wars: The Toms Canyon and Chesapeake Bay impact craters, U.S. East coast", Abstracts of Meteoritical Society
CHICXULUB, Mexico	Diameters from 170 to 300km has been offered. This is the K/T impact and it was at least one if not the main reason for dinosaurs extinction. Origin of microtektites and shocked quartz of K/T layer. Impactor: chondrite Hodge 1994
CHITULI, Zambia	See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
CHIYLI, Kazakstan	Diameter of 3km offered. Hodge 1994
CHUKCHA, Russia	Reference?
CLEARWATER LAKE EAST, Canada	Twin crater with Clearwater Lake West. Impactor: chondrite Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 C.S. Beals et al., Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, Vol.50, pp.203 and 250, 1956 M.R. Dence at al., Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, vol.59, p.13, 1965
CLEARWATER LAKE WEST, Canada	Twin crater with Clearwater Lake East. Search for meteoritic signature unsuccessfull in Clearwater Lake W, but because it is twin with Clearwater Lake East, impactor probably was chondrite. See reference of Clearwater Lake East
CONCEPTION BAY, Canada	Synonyms: Holyrood Bay and Avalon Peninsula Given coordinates are for Avalon Peninsula (47°32'N 52°57'W) shatter cones 20 km NNE from Holyrood Bay. In Holyrood Bay (47°23'N 53°08'W) there is disturbed basement rocks with breccias, shattercones and other shock metamorphic features. It seems probable that Avalon Peninsula and Holyrood Bay outcrops are related to the same, Conception Bay impact strcuture. CoM 1985 W.v. Engelhardt and J. Walzebuck, abs. Meteoritics, vol.13, p.449, 1978 D.W. Roy and R.H. Hansman, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol.82, p.3183, 1971
CONNOLLY BASIN, Australia	Hodge 1994
CROOKED CREEK, USA	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz and P. Lambert, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.15, p.281, 1980
D
DALGARANGA, Australia	Meteorite: Dalgaranga (mesosiderite MES) found 1923 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 E.S. Simpson, Min. Mag., vol.25, p.157, 1938 H.H. Nininger and G.I. Huss, Min. Mag., vol.32, p.619, 1960
DARWIN, Australia	Synonyms: Darwin Crater, Darwin glass, Mount Darwin Origin of Darwin glasses. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R.J. Ford, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., vol.16, p.228, 1972
DECATURVILLE, USA	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1220, p.39, 1965 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1320, p.16, 1969
DEEP BAY, Canada	Age of 150Myr and diameter of 10km has been offered. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M.J.S. Innes, Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, vol.51, p.236, 1957
DELLEN, Sweden	Synonym: Lake Dellen Diameter of 15km and age of 110Myr has been offered. Impactor: stone? Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 K. Fredriksson and F.E. Wickman, Svensk Naturvetenskap., p.121, 1963
DES PLAINES, USA	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1220, p.40, 1966
DOBELE, Latvia	Age of 300Myr has been offered. Hodge 1994
DUOLUN, China	Wu Siben, "Geologic feature of the Duolun impact crater, China", LPSC XX, Lunar and Planetary Institute Wu Siben, "The Duolun impact crater, China", LPSC XVIII, Lunar and Planetary Institute
E
EAGLE BUTTE, Canada	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 P.B. Robertson and R.A.F. Grieve, Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, vol.69, p.1, 1975
ELBOW, Canada	CoM 1985 G. DeMille, Journal. Alberta Soc. Petrol. Geologist, vol.8, p.154, 1960 P.B. Robertson and R.A.F. Grieve, Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, vol.69, p.1, 1975
EL'GYGYTGYN, Russia	Synonyms: Lake Elgytkhyn, Elgegytgyn, Elgygytgyn Impactor: achondrite Age estimation of 3.58 ±0.04 Myr will be in Meteoritics & Planetary Science 35, May 2000 Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz and J.F. McHone, Geology, vol.4, p.391, 1976 D. Störzer and G.A. Wagner, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.14, p.541, 1979 E.P.Gurov et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, ser. geol., no.1, p.54, 1980
ELTANIN, South Pacific Ocean	Diameter of this submarine crater can be also something like 0.5-2km. Also diameter of 15-20 km is offered. Age 2.15 Ma offered.
F
FLYNN CREEK, USA	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1220, p.41, 1966 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1320, p.17, 1969
FOELSCHE, Australia	P. W. Haines and D. J. Rawlings, "The Foelsche structure, Northern Territory, Australia: An impact crater of probable Neoproterozoic age", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 2002
FROMBORK, Poland	Magnetic fragments and spherules collected around. CoM 1985 H. Korpikiewica, Meteoritics, vol.15, p.63, 1980
G
GARDNOS, Norway	Ages from 400 to 900 Myr has been offered. Including 500±10 Myr. Hodge 1994
GLASFORD, USA	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 T.C. Buschbach and R. Ryan, Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. paper 73, p.126, 1962
GLIKSON, Australia	Reference?
GLOVER BLUFF, USA	Diameter of 3km has been offered. D.L. Coleman, "A Meteorite Crater in the Backyard", Meteorite! (Aug 2000) Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 (was discredited in CoM 1985) W.F. Read, Meteoritics, vol.18, p.241, 1983
GOAT PADDOCK, Australia	Age of 55 Myr has been offered too. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 D. Milton et al., abs. Meteoritics, vol.15, p.333, 1980 J.E. Harms et al., Nature, vol.286. p.704, 1980
GOSSES BLUFF, Australia	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1320, p.18, 1969 B.C. Barlow, B.M.R. Journ. Austral. Geol. Geophys., vol.4, p.323, 1979
GOW LAKE, Canada	Diameter of 4km has been offered. Impactor: iron? Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M.D. Thomas and M.J.S. Innes, Can. Journ. Earth Sci., vol.14, p.1788, 1977
GOYDER, Australia	Reference?
GRANDBY, Sweden	Reference?
GUSEV, Russia	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.M. Masaitis, Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975. English translation, Int. Geol. Rev. vol.18, p.1249, 1976
GWENI-FADA, Chad	See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
H
HAUGHTON, Canada	Diameter of 20.5km and age of 21.4 Myr has been offered. Michael E. Long, "Mars on Earth," National Geographic, July 1999 Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M.R. Dence, Proc. 24th Int. Geol. Cong. Section 15, p.77, 1972 P.B. Robertson and G.D. Mason, Nature, vol.255, p.393, 1975
HAVILAND, USA	Synonym: Brenham Meteorite: Brenham (pallasite PAL) found 1882 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 H.H. Nininger and J.D. Figgins, Proc. Colorado Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.12, no.3, p.9, 1933
HENBURY, Australia	Synonym: Double Punchbowl Age of 0.001 Myr has been offered. Meteorite: Henbury (iron IIA, med. oct.) found 1931 Among the aporiginals there is legend of fiery explosion. Aporiginal name for the place is "Chindu chinna waru chingi yaku" which means "Sun walk fire devil rock". So, it seems that this was an observed fall! Craters of Henbury crater Økm 1 0.023 Does not exist? 2 0.027 Does not exist? 3 0.065 4 0.070 4a 0.020 5 0.018 6 The Water Crater 0.073 7 Main Crater 0.180x0.140 Two craters? 8 0.075 9 ? Disappeared? 10 0.018 11 0.015 12 0.030 13 0.006 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 A.R. Alderman, Min. Mag., vol.23, p.19, 1932 A.R. Alderman, Rec. South Australian Mus., vol.4, p.561, 1932
HIGHBURY, Zimbabwe	S.Master, "The Highbury structure, a new impact crater in N.W. Zimbabwe", LPSC XXV, Lunar and Planetary Institute See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
HOLLEFORD, Canada	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 C.S. Beals et al., Sky and Telescope, vol.15, p.296, 1956
HUMMELN, Sweden	No shock featrures found but other evidences for impact origin of this structure seems convinsing and are undisputed.
I
ILE ROULEAU, Canada	Synonym: Mistassini Island Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 J.-L. Caty et al., Can. Journ. Earth Sci., vol.13, p.824, 1976
ILUMETSÄ, Estonia	Synonyms: Illumetsa, Ilumetsa There is at least 5 depression. Meteoritic origin for two of them are considered as proven. It is not sure if other smaller depressions are meteoritic in origin. Craters of Ilumetsä crater Økm Põrguhaud 0.080 Sügavhaud 0.050 Tondihaud or Kuradihaud? 0.024 (meteoritic origin not sure) crater 4 ? (meteoritic origin not sure) crater 5 ? (meteoritic origin not sure) In Russian A. Aaloe, "Shock and shock-impactite meteorite craters", Meteorite structures on the surface of planets (Nauka, Moscow 1979) Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 A. Aaloé, Meteopitika, vol.18, p.26, 1960 A. Raukas, R. Tiirmaa, E. Kaup and K. Kimmel, "The age of the Ilumetsa meteorite craters in South-East Estonia", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36, 2001
ILYINETS, Ukraine	Synonyms: Il´inets, Il´intsy Impactor: stone? E. Gurov, "The Ilyinets Impact Structure in Ukraine", Meteorite! (May 2000) Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 A.A. Val´ter and V.A. Ryabenko, Geol. Journ., Acad. Sci. Ukrainian SSR., vol.33, no.6, p.142, 1973
IMILAC, Chile	Impactor: Imilac meteorite (PAL, pallasite) There is probable 3 impact pits of Imilac pallasite. The biggest one is 8 m in diameter and thus listed here. This 8 m impact pit was earlier interpret as a man-made hole, but it seems that it is produced by meteorite impact. Craters (or impact pits) of Imilac crater Økm main pit 0.008 2. pit 0.002 3. pit 0.0015 Killgore B. M., "Imilac strewnfield, Chile, Revisited", LPS XXVIII
ISO-NAAKKIMA, Finland	Age is something from 900 to 1200 Myr. J. Järvelä, L.J. Pesonen and H. Pietarinen, "On palaeomagnetism and petrophysics of the Iso-Naakkima impact structure, southeastern Finland". Internal report Q19/29.1/3232/95/1, + App., Lab. of Paleomagnetism, (Geophys. Dept., Geol. Surv. Finland, Espoo 1995)
J
JEPTHA KNOB, USA	Diameter of 3.2 km is also mentioned. It is suggested that iridium anomalies found in Jeptha Knowb are extraterestrial in origin. Also there is structural evidences. It is a known fact that many of so called cryptoexposion structures are later identified as impact structures. In matter of fact, I haven't heard any cryptoexplosion structure which are proved to be a true cryptoexplosion structure. Does any cryptoexplosion structures exist at all? C.R. Seeger, F. Asaro, H. Michel, W. Alvarez and L. Alvarez, "Iridium discovery at the Jeptha Knob cryptoexplosion structure, Kentucky". Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1985 C.R. Seeger, F. Asaro, H. Michel and A.V. Noland, "The search for Jeptha Knob iridium, continued". LPSC XIX
JÄNISJÄRVI, Russia	Synonym: Yanis´yarvi Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Meteoritika, vol.35, p.103, 1976 V.L. Masaitis Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975. English translation: Int. Geol. Rev., vol.18, p.1249, 1976
K
KAALIJÄRV, Estonia	Synonyms: Esthonia, Oesel, Saarema Island Craters, Sall Craters, Kaali Meteorite: Kaalijärv (iron, coarce oct. IAB). These craters was studied already in early 1800's but it was until 1927 meteoritic origin of these craters were established. Latest age I have found for Kaalijärv impact was 800-400 BC (that is 2600 ±200 years). This new not so old age is based on impact ejecta found from Piila bog (see Meteoritic & Planetary Science 36, 2001). Other new date for impact is 400-370 BC ±one standard deviation (see Meteoritic & Planetary Science 36, 2000) but it is probably the "not less than" -age. Old datings suggested age of 3950 - 7800 years and one of most referenced date was 6500-6270 B.C based on microimpactite layer found in layers of nearby bog. It seems that the Kaalijärv -impact is one of the biggest known impacts which has been vitnessed by humans for sure. Interesting thing is, that for exsample in Finnish national epic, the Kalevala has a long story which could be based on an eye-witness report of Kaalijärvi impact. There is also several other stories which seems to be related with Kaalijärv impact. See my special Kaalijärv-page. Craters of Kaalijärv crater Økm Main crater 0.110 1 0.039 2 0.027 Join with crater 8 3 0.033 4 0.020 5 0.013 6 0.026 7 0.015 8 0.036 Join with crater 2 J.A. Reinvaldt, Publication 30, "Kaali Järv - The Meteorite Craters on the Island of Ösel (Estonia)" (University of Tartu 1933) Collection of publications about Kaalijärvi craters: Kaali Craters Selected Literature (University of Tartu 1999) Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.3, p.108, 1967 "The Kalevala", The Finnish National Epic is translated into most major languages, the first edition 1849 edited by E. Lönnrot (who also collect most of those runes). K. L. Rasmussen, B. Aaby and R. Gwozdz, "The age of the Kaalijärv meteorite craters", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 35 (2000) S. Veski, A. Heinsalu, K. Kirsimäe, A. Poska and L. Saarse, "Ecological catastrophe in connection with the impact of the Kaali Meteorite about 800-400 BC on the island of Saaremaa, Estonia", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 36, 2001 L. Meri, "Hõbevalge" (in Estonian), Eesti Raamat, Tallinn, Estonia, 488 pp. 1976
KALKKOP, South Africa	CoM 1985 J.H. Freeberg, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull., no.1220, p.50, 1966 M.R. Dence, Proc. 24th Internati. Geol. Cong., Section 15, p.77, 1972 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
KALUGA, Russia	Synonym: Kalushkaya Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis, Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975. English translation: Int. Geol. Rev., vol.18, p.1249, 1976
KAMENSK, Russia	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis, Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975. English translation: Int. Geol. Rev., vol.18, p.1249, 1976
KARA, Russia	Synonym: Karskay Twin with Ust-Kara? It has been claimed that Ust-Kara impact structure doesn't exist and suevite outcrops of Ust-Kara are part of Kara structure. Then it is possible that Kara has diameter of 110 km. However, the most recent rumor tells that Usk-Kara is visible in geophysical data as a separate structure. Impactor: chondrite Diameter of 65 km and age of 70.30 ±2.20 Myr was in Meteoritics & Planetary Science (March 1998) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis, Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975 M.A. Maslov, Meteoritika, Vol.36, p.123, 1977
KARA-KUL, Tajikistan	Age of <10 Myr and diameter of 45km has been offered. Hodge 1994
KARIKKOSELKÄ, Finland	Present day diameter is something between 1.2 to 1.5km. Age 530 Myr has been offered too, but June 2000 there was some news that age 230 Myr seems to be right one. M. Lehtinen, M.J. Pesonen, R. Puranen and A. Deutsch, "Karikkoselkä - A new impact structure in Finland", in XXVII Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., Abstract Vol. (Lunar and Planet. Inst. Houston 1996)
KARLA, Russia	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol.230, p.174, 1976
KELLY WEST, Australia	Hodge 1994
KENTLAND, USA	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz, Science, vol.105, p.42, 1947 A.J. Cohen, T.E. Bunch and A.M. Reid, Science, vol.134, p.1624, 1961
KGAGODI, Botswana	See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
KUNYA-URGENCH, Turkmenistan	An observed fall! Meteorite: Kunya-Urgench (ordinary chondrite H5) A big meteorite, named later as a Kunya-Urgench, hit the Earth 20 June 1998 at 17:25 local time in Turkmenistan. The biggest fragment (about 900kg) made a crater 6 meter wide and 4 deep (which is big enough for my list). It hit the ground only 30-50 meters away from several farmers in a cotton field. Total mass of this meteorite was about 1000-1100kg. Meteorite is also known by name Saparmurat Turkmenbashy which is not an official name. The Meteoritical Bulletin No. 83, (July 1999)
KURSK, Russia	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., vol.240, no.5, p.1191, 1978 (English translation: p.91)
KÄRDLA, Estonia	Synonym: Kyardla Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., vol.240, no.5, p.1191, 1978 (English translation: p.91)
KÖFELS, Austria	Age between 8000 and 16000 years is from glass. Theory has been recently presented that köfels has been formed during a giant landslide about 9000 years ago. That landslide was so huge that rock melted because friction. So there is still a possibility that Köfels is not an impact structure. However, there is lots of big landslides in Alps but no other similar cases is found yet. Also PDF's in quartz has been reported in samples from Köfels, and PDF's are produced only by impacts. CoM 1985 F.E. Suess, Neues Jahrb. Min., Abt. A., vol.72, p.98, 1936 G. Kurat and W. Richter, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.4, p.192, 1969 D. Störzer et al., ans. in Meteoritics, vol.6, p.319, 1971
L
LAC COUTURE, Canada	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 R.J. Bottomley et al., abs. in Meteoritics, vol.13, p.395, 1978
LAC LA MOINERIE, Canada	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 W. von Engelhardt, Die Naturwissenschaften, vol.61, p.413, 1974 R.J. Bottomley et al., abs. in Meteorititcs, vol.13, p.395, 1978
LAPPAJÄRVI, Finland	Synonym: Lake Lappajärvi Age of 77.3 ±0.4 Ma was old argon dating. New age is 73.3 ±5.3 Ma (U-Pd method). Diameter of 23km has been offered. Impactor: chondrite Publication 282, Lehtinen M., "Lake Lappajärvi, a meteorite impact site in Western Finland", (Geological Survey of Finland 1976) Mänttäri I. and Koivisto M, "Ion microprobe uranium-lead dating of zircons from the Lappajärvi impact crater, western Finland", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1087-1095 (2001) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 N.B. Svensson, Nature, vol.217, p.438, 1968 S. Fregerslev and H. Carstens, Contr. Min. Petr., vol.55, p.255, 1976
LAWN HILL, Australia	Diameter of 20km has been offered. Hodge 1994
LIVERPOOL, Australia	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R. Brett et al., Meteoritics, vol.5, p.184, 1970
LOCKNE, Sweden	Age of 540 ±10 Myr has been offered. Diameter is something from 7 to 13.5km.
LOGANCHA, Russia	Age of 50 Myr has been offered. Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
LOGOISK, Belorussia	Synonym: Logoysk Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., vol.240, no.5, p.1191, 1978. English translation: p.91. E.P. Gurov et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol.24, no.2, p.168, 1980
LONAR, India	Two craters, Lonar and Ambar. Craters of Lonar crater Økm Lonar 1.83 Ambar 0.340x0.275 Master, S., "Evidence for an impact origin of the Ambar Lake structure: a smaller companion crater to the Lonar impact crater, Maharashtra, India", Meteoritics & Plantery Science, Supplement (July 1999) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 V.K. Nayak, Earth planet. Sci. Lett., vol.14, p.1, 1972 K. Fredriksson et al., abs. in Meteoritics, vol.8, p.34, 1973 and ibid.
LUIZI, Dem. Rep. of Congo	See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
LUKANGA, Zambia	S. Vrána, "Lukanga swamp: probably astrobleme", Meteoritics, Vol. 20, No. 1, March 31, 1985
LUMPARN, Finland	Diameter is from 7 to 10km. N.-B. Svensson, "Lumparn Bay: a meteorite impact crater in the Åland Archipelago, southwest Finland", In 56th Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, Vail, Colorado, (abstract issue; Meteoritics 28. 1993) A. Abels, P. Mannola, M. Lehtinen, L. Bergman and L.J. Pesonen, "New observations of the properties of the Lumparn impact structure, Åland islands, southwestern Finland.", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33, A7-A172 (1998)
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MACHA, Russia	Age of <7000 years has been also offered. Impactor: iron (metallic spherules found) This is a crater field but I haven't found details. Gurov (1996) Koeberl C.,"Identification of meteoritic components in impactites" In: Meteorites: flux with time and impact effects. Geological Society, London. Special Publications, 140 Hodge 1994
MANICOUAGAN, Canada	Age of 212 Myr has been offered too. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz, Meteoritics, vol.3, p.27, 1966
MANSON, USA	Synonym: Manson structure Age of 65.70 ±1 Myr has been offered. D.L. Coleman, "Manson", Meteorite! (Aug 2000) Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 (was discredited in CoM 1985!) W.H. Bucher, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol.261, p.597, 1963
MAPLE CREEK, USA	Reference?
MARQUEZ DOME, USA	Also diameter of 22km has been offered. Diameter of 13.0 km was in Meteoritics & Planetary Science (September 1998) Hodge 1994
MIDDLESBORO, USA	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 K.J. Englund and J.B. Roen, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 450-E, Art. 184, pp.E20-22, 1962 R.S. Dietz, Meteoritics, vol.3, p.27, 1966
MIEN, Sweden	Synonym: Lake Mien Age 92±6 Ma also offered. Impactor: stone? Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 F.E. Wickman, Svensk Naturvetenskap., p.121, 1963
MISARAI, Lithuania	Synonym: Mizarayskaya Age of 395 ±145 Myr has been offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Geol., vol.240, no.5, p.1191, 1978. English translation: p.91.
MISHINA GORA, Russia	Synonyms: Mishinogorskaya, Mishinogorsk Diameter of 4 km has been offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis, Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975. English translation: Int. Geol. Rev., vol.18, p.1249, 1976
MISTASTIN, Canada	Impactor: iron or achondrite? Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 F.C. Taylor and M.R. Dence, Can. Journ. Earth. Sci., vol.6, p.39, 1969
MJØLNIR, Norway	Submarine crater in Barents Sea. F. Lagenhorst and H. Dypvik, "Microstructural characteristics of shocked quatz from ejecta of the submarine Mjølnir impact structure, Barents sea", in XXVII Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., Abstract Vol. (Lunar and Planet. Inst. Houston 1996)
MONTAGNAIS, Canada	Age of 52 Myr has been offered. Hodge 1994
MONTURAQUI, Chile	Impactor: IAB iron Bunch & Cassidy (1972) V.F. Buchwald, Handbook of Iron Meteorites, Universities of California and Arizona State, vol.3, p.1403, 1975 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R.V. Gibbons et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, Suppl.7, p.863, 1976
MORASKO, Poland	Meteorite: Morasko (iron IA) Craters of Morasko crater Økm 1 0.100 2 0.025 3 0.063 4 0.035 5 0.015 6 0.024 7 0.050 8 0.035 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 J. Classen, Meteoritics, vol.13, p.245, 1978
MOROKWENG, South Africa	Also called as Morokving? Diameter as large as 300km has been offered. See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps. Althought this structure is not exposed on surface.
MOUNT TOONDINA, Australia	Diameter of 3km offered. Hodge 1994
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NEUGRUND, Estonia	Submarine crater which diameter could be from 6 to 8km.
NEWPORTE, USA	CoM 1985 R.R. Donofrio, Journ. Petr. Geology, vol.3, p.279, 1981
NICHOLSON LAKE, Canada	Impactor: achondrite Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M.R. Dence et al., in Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials, eds. B.M. French and N.M. Short, Mono, Baltimore, p.339, 1968
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OASIS, Libya	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 B.M. French et al., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol.85, p.1425, 1974 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
OBOLON, Ukraine	Synonym: Obolon´ Impactor: iron Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR., vol.232, p.170, 1977
ODESSA, USA	Meteorite: Odessa (iron IA, coarce oct.) found 1922 Craters of Odessa crater Økm 1 0.168 2 0.025 Identified in 1926 3-5 ~0.003 each Barringer B, "Historical Notes on the Odessa Meteorite Crater", Meteoritics, Vol. 3, No. 4, December, 1967 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 D.M. Barringer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol.80, p.307, 1929
OUARKZIZ, Algeria	Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
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PAASSELKÄ, Finland	Also called as Paasivesi or Paasiselkä. Age is not known yet, althought age of 500 Ma may be quite close. Identified as a impact structure in 1999. Pesonen L.J. et al, "Paasselkä - a new meteorite impact structure in Eastern Finland", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 34, No. 4, Supplement (1999)
PICCANNINY, Australia	Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
PILOT LAKE, Canada	Diameter of 5.8Km offered. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M.R. Dence et al., in Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials, eds. B.M. French and N.M. Short, Mono, Baltimore, p.339, 1968
PINGUALUIT, Canada	Synonyms: Chubb crater, New Quebec, Ungava Much better known by its former name: New Quebec. Impactor: chondrite V.B. Meen, Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, vol.44, p.169, 1950 V. Ben Meen and Richard H. Steward, "Solving the Riddle of Chubb Crater", The National Geographic Magazine (Jan 1952) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985
POPIGAI, Russia	Synonym: Popigay Impactor: chondrite V.L. Masaitis, M.V. Mikhailov, T.V. Selivanovskaya, "Popigai Basin - an explosion meteorite crater", Meteoritics, Vol. 7, No. 1, March 30 (1972) R.A. Gallant, "Mosquitoes, Diamonds, and a Very Big Crater - Siberia's Popigai Impact Site", Meteorite! (Feb 2000 part I and May 2000 part II). Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985
PRESQU'ILE, Canada	Hodge 1994
PUNCHEZH-KATUNKI, Russia	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 L. Firsov (Translation by S.W. Kieffer), Meteoritics, vol.8, p.223, 1973
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RAGOZINKA, Russia	Hodge 1994
RAMGARH, India	Synonym: Rajasthan, Ramgargh Diameter of 5.5 km also offered. Master S. & Pandit M.K. "New evidence for an impact origin of Ramgarh structure, Rajasthan, India", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Supplement (July 1999) NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 A.R. Crawford, Nature, vol.237, p.96, 1972 N. Ahmad et al., Current Sci. India, vol.43, p.598, 1974
RED WING, USA	Synonym: Red Wing Creek Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 H.B. Sawatzky, Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., vol.59, p.694, 1975
RIACHAO RING, Brazil	Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
RIES, Germany	Synonyms: Nördlinger Ries, Ries Basin, Rieskessel Probable twin with Steinheim. Origin of moldavites. Impactor: achondrite or chondrite? Age of 14.87 ±0.36 Ma was in Meteoritics & Planetary Science (May 1999) but latest new age which I have heard is 14.1 Ma. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 Pohl, J., Stöffler, D., Gall, H. & Ernstson, K.: The Ries impact crater.- In: Impact and Explosion Cratering (D.J.Roddy, R.O.Pepin, and R.B.Merrill, eds.), 343-404, Pergamon Press, New York 1977.
RIO CUARTO, Argentina	A new study (See Bland et. al. 2002) suggest that Rio Cuarto structures are not impact structures at all. They seems to be produced by wind erosion. Also meteorites which are found in the region are several different types, so they are not connected to each others. It seems that there is layer of impact related glass (tektites), but it is not connected to these structures. Age of 0.1 Myr offered. Impactor: chondrite (H4)? This is quite unique crater field since all craters are very strongly elliptical. There seems to be at least 10 structures but latest research revealed over 50 new structures. A glass pieces were found from at least two of those new structures. However, this new research is not comfirming impact origin of Rio Cuarto structures. Craters of Rio Cuarto crater Økm A 4.5x1.1 D 3.5x0.7 E 3.5x0.7 F-H 0.1-0.3 B,C, I-K ? P.A. Bland, C.R. de Souza Filho, A.J.T. Jull, S.P. Kelley, R.M. Hough, N.A. Artemieva, E. Pierazzo, J. Coniglio, L. Pinotti, V. Evers and A.T. Kearsley, "A Possible Tektite Strewn Field in the Argentinian Pampa", Science Vol 296, 1109-1111 (10 May 2002) Schultz et al. (1994) Hodge 1994
ROCHECHOUART, France	Synonyms: Chassenon Several diameters like 200km or 40km offered. Age of 186 Myr offered. Impactor: chondrite or iron? Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 F. Kraut et al., Meteoritics, vol.4, p.190, 1969 Chèvremont, P., Floc'h, J.P., Ménillet, F., Stussi, J.M., Delbos, R., Sauret, B., J.L.Blès, J.L., Coubre, C., Vuaillat, D. & Gravelat, C.: Carte géologique de la France à 1/50 000, feuille Rochechouart et notice explicative. Éditions du BRGM, Service géologique national, 1996.
ROCK ELM, Wisconsin, USA	Age between post-Ordovician and pre-Pleistocene French B.M. and Cordua W.S.,"Intense fracturing of quartz at the Rock Elm (Wisconsin) 'cryptoexplosion' structure: Evidence for meteorite impact", 30th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 25-29 1999 Houston, abstract no. 1123 (March 1999)
ROTER KAMM, Namibia	Age of 5 Myr offered. Koeberl. C. et al., "The age of the Roter Kamm impact crater, Namibia: Constraints from 40Ar-39Ar, K-Ar, Rh-Sr, Fission track and 10Be-26Al studies", Meteoritics 28-2 (1993) Brandt D. et al. "Geophysical profile of the Roter Kamm impact crater, Namibia", Meteoritics 33-3 (1998) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz, Progr. 27th meeting Meteoritical Soc., p.7, 1964 R.F. Fudali, Meteoritics, vol.8, p.245, 1973 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
ROTMISTROVKA, Unkraine	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR., vol.230, p.174, 1976 V.L. Masaitis, Sov. Geol., no.11, p.52, 1975. English translation: Int. Geol. Rev., vol.18, p.1249, 1976
RUBIELOS DE LA CÉRIDA, Spain	There seems likely that Rubielos de la Cérida and Azuara are formed during the same event. Rubielos de la Cérida structure is also mentioned in paper discussing origin of Azuara by Cortés et. al (2002). Read my comments about that paper above in references of Azuara. There is good evidences of shock metamorphosis in Rubielos de la Cérida structure. A.L. Cortés, E. Diaz-Martínez, E. Sanz-Rubio, J. Martínez-Frías and C. Fernández, "Cosmic impact versus terrestrial origin of the Azuara structure (Spain): A review", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 37, 875-894 (2002) Hradil, K., Schüssler, U., and Ernstson, K.: Silicate, phosphate and carbonate melts as indicators for an impact-related high-temperature influence on sedimentary rocks of the Rubielos de la Cérida structure, Spain. Abstracts, 6th ESF IMPACT workshop, Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic record, pp. 49-50, 2001. Ernstson, K., Claudin, F., Schüssler, U., Anguita, F, and Ernstson, T.: Impact melt rocks, shock metamorphism, and structural features in the Rubielos de la Cérida structure, Spain: evidence of a companion to the Azuara impact structure. Abstracts, 6th ESF IMPACT workshop, Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic record, pp. 23-24, 2001. More story about Rubielos de la Cérida: www.impact-structures.com.
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SAARIJÄRVI, Finland	Probably a concentric crater. Diameter of depression (inner crater) is 1.4 - 1.5 km but diameter of geological signs of impact (e.g. shatter cones) can be found in over 2.1 - 2.2 km wide area (outher crater). L.J. Pesonen, M. Lehtinen, P. Tuukki and A. Abels, "The Lake Saarijärvi structure, Taivalkoski - a new meteorite impact crater in Finland". Sovelletun geofysiikan XI neuvottelupäivät 22.-23.10.1997 (abstracts: Oulu University 1997) L.J. Pesonen, A. Abels, M. Lehtinen and P. Tuukki, "Lake Saarijärvi: a new impact structure in northern Finland.", Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 33, No. 4, Supplement (1998) T. Öhman, L.J. Pesonen, J. Raitala, A. Uutela and P. Tuisku, "The Saarijärvi crater - older and larger than assumed?" in abstract for "Meteorite impacts in precambrian shields" -meeting held in Lappajärvi in 24-28 May 2000 T. Öhman, "Kraatteroitumisprosessin merkit Saarijärven törmäyskraatterin alueella", 196 pages, this is a master's thesis with extended abstract in English: "The indication of cratering process in Saarijärvi impact crater, northern Finland" (pages 3-5) and only a few copies are printed, University of Oulu, Finland, 2002
SAINT MARTIN, Canada	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 K.L. Currie, Nature, vol.226, p.839, 1970 K.L. Currie, Geol. Surv. Canada, Paper 70-1, Part A, p.111, 1970 P.B: Robertson and R.A.F. Grieve, Journ. Roy. Astron. Soc. Canada, vol.69, p.1, 1975
SERPENT MOUND, USA	Diameter of 6.4km offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 A.J. Cohen et al., Science, vol.134, p.1624, 1961
SERRA DA CANGALHA, Brazil	Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 (was discredited in CoM 1985) R.S. Dietz, abs. in Meteoritics, vol.4, p.269, 1969
SHANGHEWAN, China	Wu Siben, "The Shanghewan impact crater, China", LPSC XIX, Lunar and Planetary Institute NASA 1988
SHOEMAKER, Australia	Diameter of 28km offered. This crater was former known as the Teague Ring. In 1998 Australia Geological Survey renamed it as the Schoemaker impact structure in honour of the astro-geologist Gene Shoemaker. He died in a car accident when he and his wife Carolyn Shoemaker were about to visit third time the Teague ring in 1997. Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
SHUNAK, Kazakstan	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.I. Feld´man et al., Meteoritika, vol.38, p.99, 1979 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Geol., vol.240, no.5, p.1191, 1978. English translation: p.91
SIERRA MADERA, USA	Synonym: Madera Mountain Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 J.D. Boon and C.C. Albritton Jr., Field and Lab., vol.5, p.53, 1937 H.G. Wiltshire et al., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 599-H, 42pp., 1972
SIKHOTE ALIN, Russia	Observed fall! Synonyms: Sikhote-Alin, Sichote-Alinsk, Ussuri Fall Meteorite: Sikhote Alin (iron IIB, coarce oct.). Huge fireball hit the ground in Sikhote Alin mountains in Eastern Siberia. More than 70 tons of Iron hit the ground at taiga forest. Biggest found individual iron was 1745 kg in weight and there was also one 1000 kg individual. There was over one hundred (158) of small craters or holes on the ground when first scientist arrived (Krinov 1966). Most of craters has been excaveted nowadays and most of craters and impact holes are disappeared. Craters and impact holes of Sikhote Alin crater Økm meteorites kg 1 0.0265 70.26 kg 2 0.0230 3 0.0206 299.054 kg 4 0.0192 5 0.0184 76.852 kg 6 0.0180 183.873 kg 7 0.0160 8 0.0148 51.593 kg 9 0.0130 177.764 kg 10 0.0128 11 0.0116 12 0.0114 13 0.0112 243.783 kg 14 0.0112 1000.0 kg 15 0.0102 51.47 kg 16 0.0102 23 0.0117 132.8 kg Smaller craters and holes: 17-22,24-36: 9.8, 9.6, 9.2, 9.0, 9.0, 8.8, 8.5, 7.5, 7.9, 7.0, 6.8, 6.5, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 5.7, 5.4, 5.2, 5.2m 37-41: 4.0 - 4.9m 42-44,46-50: 3.0 - 3.6m 45 3.5m Total of 1752.054 kg meteorite material was found from this one including the biggest iron, 1745 kg. 51-68: 2.0 - 2.9m There is a long story with photographs about expedition to Sikhote-Alin in Krinov 1966 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 N.I. Zaslavskaya, Meteoritika, vol.28, p.142, 1968
SILJAN, Sweden	Synonym: Siljan Ring, Lake Siljan Diameter of 52km offered. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 K. Fredriksson and F.E. Wickman, Svensk Naturvetenskap., p.121, 1963 N.-B. Svensson, Nature (Phys. Sci.), vol.229, p.90, 1971
SINAMWENDA, Zimbabwe	S. Master, W.U. Reimold and D. Brandt, "Evidence for shock metamorphic origin of multiply-striated joint surfaces (MSJS) in sandstones of the sinamwenda meteorite impact structure, Zimbabwe", LPS XXVII, Lunar and Planetary Institute. S. Master, D.J. Robertson, C.W. Stowe, K.L. Walsh, W.U. Reimold and D. Brandt, "The Shinamwenda structure - a small new meteorite impact crater in triassic (upper karoo) sandstones of western Zimbabwe", LPS XXVI, Lunar and Planetary Institute. See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
SIMUNA, Estonia	In some references this structure is not confirmed. And it is possible that this structure will be removed also from this list. There is maybe a historical documents of this fall? It is often related with so called Viru-Roela bolide in 1. June 1937. A. Kipper, "1 juuni meteoorist." (Eesti Loodus 4, 1937)
SLATE ISLANDS, Canada	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 P.B. Robertson and R.A.F. Grievem abs. in Meteoritics, vol.10, p.480, 1975 H.C. Halls and R.A.F. Grieve, Can. Journ. Earth Sci., vol.13, p.1301, 1976
SNELLING, Australia	Hodge 1994
SOBOLEV, Russia	Synonym: Sobolevskii Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 I.T. Zotkin and V.L. Tsvetkov, Astron. Vestnik, vol.4, p.55, 1970
SPIDER, Australia	Age >700 Myr offered. Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
STEEN RIVER, Canada	Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 M.A. Carrigy, in Shock Metamorphism of Natural Minerals, eds. B.M. French and N.M. Short, Mono, Baltimore, p.367, 1968
STEINHEIM, Germany	Probable twin with Ries. Diameter of 3.4km offered. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 J. Kaljuvee, Die Grossprobleme der Geologie. Tallinn, 1933 H.P.T. Rohleder, Zeits. Deut. Geol. Gesell., vol.85, p.463, 1933 Reiff, W.: The Steinheim basin - an impact structure. - In: Impact and Explosion Cratering (D.J.Roddy, R.O.Pepin, and R.B.Merrill, eds.), 309-320, Pergamon Press, New York 1977.
STERLITAMAK, Russia	Observed fall! Meteorite: Sterlitamak (iron) This was possible the biggest known event in the later half of 20th century. Evening of 17th May 1990, 20 km west from Sterlitamak city, a bright fireball hit the ground in Russia. Observers claims that the fireball actually hit the ground. Impact velocity was estimated to be over 2 km/s and impact force was equal to 1 ton of TNT. Meteorite made 9.4 meter wide and 3 meter deep crater into a potato field. Impact (shockwave of falling meteorite) destroyed potatos in a area of 100 meter in radius. A 300 kg meteorite was recovered from 15 meter below surface and it is estimated that there should be at least one ton more meteorite but deeper in the ground. Meteoritical Bulletin (1991) M.I. Petaev, "Meteorite Sterlitamak - A new crater forming fall", abstracts of Meteoritical Society
STRANGWAYS, Australia	Diameter of 26km and age of 450 Myr and >540 Myr offered earlier. Age listed here (646 ±42) is the most recent estimation and probably most reliable. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R. Brett et al., Meteoritics, vol.5, p.184, 1970
SUAVJÄRVI, Russia	M.S. Mashchak and M.V. Naumov, "The Suavjärvi structure: An early proterozoic impact site on the Fennoscandian shield.", in XXVII Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., Abstract Vol. (Lunar and Planet. Inst. Houston 1996)
SUDBURY, Canada	Diameter of 250km offered. Crater has deformated strongly. R.A. Szep, "The Sudbury 'Star Wound'", Meteorite! (May 2000) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 R.S. Dietz, Journ. Geol., vol.72, P.412, 1964
SUVASVESI NORTH, Finland	Synonyms: Suvasvesi N, Kukkarinselkä. Age is <1000 Myr. Diameter of 1.5km offered. Probable twin with Suvasvesi South. L.J. Pesonen, "The Suvasvesi N structure - a new impact crater in Central-East Finland". -Annales Geophyysicae, Part III, Space and Planetary Sciences, Suppl. III to Vol 3 (1995) L.J. Pesonen, M. Lehtinen, A. Deutsch, S. Elo and H. Lukkarinen, "New geophysical and petrographic results of the Suvasvesi N impact structure, Finland", in XXVII Lunar and Planetary Science Conf., Abstract Vol. (Lunar and Planet. Inst. Houston 1996) S.C. Werner, J. Plado, L.J. Pesonen, and M. Kuula, "The Two Suvasvesi Lakes in Central Finland - A Possible Doublet Impact Structure.", 64th Annual Meteorological Society Meeting (2001) M. Lehtinen, L.J.Pesonen, and J. Moilanen, "Impactites from Lake Suvasvesi impact structures, a possible double impact crater in Finland", 9th ESF Impact Workshop, "Impacts: A Geological and Astronomical Perspective", Prague 12.-16.10.2002
SUVASVESI SOUTH, Finland	Synonyms: Suvasvesi S, Haapaselkä. Probable twin with Suvasvesi North. Thus its age may be the same as Suvasvesi North. Not fully confirmed yet, but it is only a matter of time when final confirmation will be at hand. See also references in Suvasvesi North S.C. Werner, J. Plado, L.J. Pesonen, and M. Kuula, "The Two Suvasvesi Lakes in Central Finland - A Possible Doublet Impact Structure.", 64th Annual Meteorological Society Meeting (2001) M. Lehtinen, L.J.Pesonen, and J. Moilanen, "Impactites from Lake Suvasvesi impact structures, a possible double impact crater in Finland", 9th ESF Impact Workshop, "Impacts: A Geological and Astronomical Perspective", Prague 12.-16.10.2002
SÄÄKSJÄRVI, Finland	Synonym: Lake Sääksjärvi Ages of 514 Myr and 510 Myr offered. Impactor: chondrite H. Papunen, "Possible impact metamorphic textures in the erratics of the Lake Sääksjärvi area in southwestern Finland". (Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 41, 1969) H. Papunen, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland, no.45, p.29, 1973 T. Mutanen, "Sääksjärvi on sittenkin astrobleemi" with summary: "Lake Sääksjärvi; an astrobleme after all". (Geologi 31, 1979) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985
SÖDERFJÄRDEN, Finland	Also known as Sulva. Diameter is between 5 and 6km. Age 550 Myr offered. J.J. Lehtovaara, "Vaasan Söderfjärden - sedimenttiaineksen suojaama kambrikaudella muodostunut kraatteri" with summary: "Söderfjärden, Vaasa; a crater covered with sedimentary material since its formation in the Cambrian", (Terra 1984) Hodge 1994
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TABUN-KHARA-OBO, Mongolia	Age of >120 Myr offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 O.D. Suetenko and L.M. Shkerin, Astron. Vestnik, vol.4, p.261, 1970
TAKAMATSU, Japan	Y. Miura, M. Okamoto and T. Fukuchi, "Takamatsu crater structure: Preliminary report of impact crater in active orogenic region", LPS XXVI, Lunar and Planetary Institute Y. Miura, M. Okamoto and T. Fukuchi, "Impact materials of Takamatsu crater in Japan", abstracts of Meteoritical Society
TALEMZANE, Algeria	Synonym: Daiet el Maadna Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R. Karpoff, Meteoritics, vol.1, p.31, 1953 L.F. Brady, Sky and Telescope, vol.13, p.297, 1954 P. Lambert et al., Meteoritics, vol.15, p.157, 1980 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
TEMIMICHÂT-GHALLAMAN, Mauritania	On the same fault with Tenoumer (proven) and Richât Dome (not proved, but coesite exist) structures. Apparently explosive crater. CoM 1985 T. Monod, 19th Internat. Geol. Congr., fasc. 20, p.85, 1954 R.F. Fudali and W.A. Cassidy, Meteoritics, vol.7, p.51, 1972 (not impact structure?) See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
TENOUMER, Mauritania	On the same fault with Temimichât-Ghallaman and Richât Dome. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 R.F. Fudali and W.A. Cassidy, Meteoritics, vol.7, p.51, 1972 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
TERNOVKA, Ukraine	Synonyms: Ternovska, Ternovskaia Impactor: chondrite Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 G.K. Ermenko and V.M. Iakovlev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol.253, p.449, 1980
TIN BIDER, Algeria	Synonym: Tademaît Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 P. Lambert et al., Meteoritics, vol.16, p.203, 1981 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
TOMS CANYON, USA	Submarine. Twin with Chesapeake Bay? C.W.Poag, "Late eocene star wars: The Toms Canyon and Chesapeake Bay impact craters, U.S. East coast", Abstracts of Meteoritical Society
TOOKOONOOKA, Australia	Reference?
TOR, Sweden	In some references this structure is not confirmed. And it is possible that this structure will be removed also from this list. Diameter of 90 meters offered, but it is incorrect. The crater-like formation is about 20 meters wide. I visited the site in July 2000 and found very little evidences of meteoritic origin of the structure. There is several crater-like structures nearby, but the crater itself has different, deeper topology and it does have a raised rim. Coordinates 62°24'N, 12°42'E has offered for Tännäs, which is, if I have understand it right, just an other name for Tor, since Tännäs is a small village next to Tor crater and those coordinates are correct for that village. There seems to be some kind of confusion about Tor and Tännäs. Since some lists tells that structure in coordinates which are in my main list are for Tor but they also tells that diameter of Tor is 90 meters when the crater in those coordinates are only 20 meters wide. Diameter for Tännäs has been mentioned to be 20 meters, but coordinates are for the village. H. Henkel, R. Tiirmaa, Å. Fleetwood and G. Blomqvist, "Tor: A postglacial impact crater in northwest Härjedalen, Sweden", abstracts of Meteoritical Society
TUNGUSKA, Russia	Airblast. Observed fall! Synonyms: Podkamennaye Tunguska, Tunguska River In the morning in Central Siberia local people saw bright fireball and violent explosion over the Tunguska River. Heat radiation and shockwaves were strong even 60 kilometers away from ground zero. Explosion, which happened in 5-10 kilometer above ground (=airblast) was equal to 10-30 Mt of TNT (which is more than 500 times bigger than Hiroshima A-bomb). 2000 square kilometers of forest was destroyed and forest was in fire over two weeks. There is two major theory about what was caused this explosion. It was a) a small stony asteroid or it was b) a small comet nucleus. There is more evidences which are supporting a small comet theory but there has been some new evidences which are claiming that it was probably a carbonaeus chondrite. There is a long story about Tunguska in Krinov 1966 CoM 1985 L.A. Kulik, Meteoritika, vol.2, p.119, 1941 P.L. Dravert, Meteoritika, vol.4, p.112, 1948
TSWAING, South Africa	Synonym: Pretorian Saltpan. W.U. Reimond, D. Brandt, R. De Jong and J. Hancox, "Tswaing Meteorite Crater - An Introduction to the Natural and Cultural History of the Tswaing Region Including a Description of the Hiking Trail", Popular Geoscience series 1, The Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa, p 171, 1999 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 (was discredited in CoM 1985!) H.P.T. Rohleder, Zeits. Deut. Geol. Gesell., vol.85, p.463, 1933 H.P.T. Rohleder, Geol. Mag., London, vol.70, p.489, 1933 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
TSÖÖRIKMÄE, Estonia	Althought no meteoritic material or impactites are not found, this structure is usually concidered as a genius meteorite crater. E.A. Pirrus and R.T. Tiirmaa, "Tsõõrikmägi - probably new meteorite crater in Estonia", Meteoritika, 44, pp.141-149, 1985 (in Russian)
TVÄREN, Sweden	Diameter of 4.5km offered. CoM 1985 K. Fredriksson and F.E. Wickman, Svensk Naturvetenskap., p.121, 1963
U
UPHEAVAL DOME, USA	Origin of this structure has been controversial and impact origin is not fully confirmed by several scientis. However, the most resent article (Kenkmann 2002) seems to give so much evidences for impact origin that this structure can now be concidered quite sure. Synonym: Christmas Canyon Dome Diameter of 5km offered. T. Kenkmann and D. Scherler, "New structural constraints on the Upheaval Dome impact crater", LPS XXXIII, 2002 Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985
UST-KARA, Russia	It seems that Ust-Kara does not exist. Suevite outcrops of Ust-Kara impact structures are probably only a part of Kara impact structure. Hodge 1994 and NASA 1988
V
VARGEAO DOME, Brazil	Hodge 1994
VEEVERS, Australia	Meteorite: Veevers (iron IIAB, coarcest oct.) found 1988 Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 A.N. Yeates et al., BMR. J. Austr. Geol. Geophys., vol.1, p.77, 1976
VEPRIAJ, Lithuania	Synonym: Vyapryayskaya Diameter of 8km offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 V.L. Masaitis et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol., vol.240, no.5, p.1191, 1978 English translation p.91.
VIEWFIELD, Canada	CoM 1985 H.B. Sawatsky, J. Canadian Soc. Explor. Geophysicists, vol.8, p.22, 1972
VREDEFORT, South Africa	Age of 1970 ±100 Myr and 2018 Myr offered. Several different diameters between 120 and 300km is offered. 140 km is one. Meteoritics & Planetary Science (May 1998) Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 J.D. Boon and C.C. Albritton, Field and Laboratory, Contr. Sci. Dept. Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas, Texas, vol.5, p.1, 1936 J.E.J. Martini, Nature, vol.272, p.715, 1972 N.C. Gay, Science, vol.194, p.724, 1976 See www.image-contrails.de for satellite image and maps.
W
WABAR, Saudi Arabia	Synonym: Al-Hadida, Rub´al Khali Craters Meteorite: Wabar (iron IIIA, medium oct.). Diameter of 0.097km offered for the biggest crater. Age of 0.01 Myr offered. Found 1932. This place was in old legends a ruins of a town which was burn down by heavenly fire. So it is possible that this was an observed fall. There was speculations in Sky and Telescope that the Wabar, a crater complex of three small craters, in Saudi Arabia was formed in impact of huge fireball which passed over Riyadh in 1863 (from impactite samples age of 6400 years was estimated in 1960s). Direction of the fireball and fall direction of the meteorite which made craters was the same. Recent studies of the site has revealed information that energy of the impact was about 10 to 12 kilotons equivalent TNT. This is only a little bit less than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. New studies of impactites and the site has given a new age aproximation from 135 to 450 years for the impact. Craters of Wabar crater Økm Philby A 0.064 Found 1932 Philby B 0.116 Found 1932 (two craters?) 11-meter 0.011 Found Dec 1994 Um-Hadid 0.01 (not the 11-meter?)* ) Mentioned in CoM 1985: "...found in region of the Wabar crater." Silica glass and weathered fragments of iron meteorites (largest 1kg) found. Coordinates give in CoM: 21°30'N, 50°40'E approximately. This is in my list of possible structures, but if it turn out to exist and if it is related to Wabar it will listed only here. J.C. Wynn and E.M. Shoemaker, "Secrets of the Wabar Craters" (Sky and Telescope, November 1997)* Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 H. St. J. Philby, The Empty Quarter, London, 1933 F. El-Baz and A. El Goresy, Meteoritics, vol.6, p.265, 1971 (about Um-Hadid).
WANAPITEI LAKE, Canada	Synonym: Lake Wanapitei Diameter of 8km offered. Impactor: chondrite Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 M.R. Dence and J. Popelar, Geol. Assoc. Canada, Spec. Paper 10, p.117, 1972 S.R. Winzer et al., Geochimica Cosmochim. Acta, vol.40, p.51, 1976
WELLS CREEK, USA	Synonym: Wells Creek Basin Diameter of 14km has been offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 C.W. Wilson Jr., Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., no.64, p.753, 1953 R.G. Stearns et al., in Shock Metamorphism of Natural Minerals, eds. B.M. French and N.M. Short, Mono, Baltimore, p.323, 1968
WEST HAWK LAKE, Canada	Diameter of 3.15km offered. Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 C.S. Beals et al., Current Science, Bangalore, vol.29, pp.205 and 249, 1960
WETUMPKA, USA	King, D.T. Jr., et al., 1999: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 34, Supplement, p.A63.
WOLFE CREEK, Australia	Synonym: Wolf Creek Meteorite: Wolf Creek (iron IIIA, medium oct.) Y. Miura, "New Shocked Quartz with high density from Wolf Creek impact crater", abstracts of Meteoritical Society Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 H.H. Holmes, Walkabout, Australian Geogr. Mag., vol.14, no.13, p.10, 1948
WOODLEIGH, Australia	There has been recently some criticism that Woodleigh is not necessarily an impact structure. There is also claims that the structure is much smaller than listed here (=120 km). A. Glikson, "Woodleigh - the World's 4th Largest Impact Structure", Meteorite! (Aug 2000)
Y
YALLALIE, Australia	Synonym: Yallalie Basin M.C. Dentith, A.W.R. Bevan and K.B.McInerney, "A premilinary investigation of the Yallalie Basin: A buried 15 km diameter structure of possible impact origin in the Perth Basin, Western Australia", abstracts of Meteoritical Society
Z
ZAPADNAYA, Ukraine	Hodge 1994
ZELENY GAI, Ukraine	Synonyms: Zeleny Gay, Zelenyy Gay Age of >140 Myr offered. Hodge 1994 and CoM 1985 A.A. Val´ter et al., Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol.229, p.160, 1976 E.P. Gurov, Zap. Vses. Min. Obshch., vol.106, p.715, 1977
ZHAMANSHIN, Kazakhstan	Impactor: chondrite? G.G. Burba Jr., "Ecosystems of the terrestrial meteorite craters: Zhamanshin", abstracts of Meteoritical Society Hodge 1994, NASA 1988 and CoM 1985 I.T. Zotkin and V.L. Tsvetkov, Astron. Vestnik, vol.4, p.55, 1970 P.V. Florensky, Meteoritika, vol.36, p.120, 1977 P.V. Florensky and A.N. Dabizha, Nauka Press, Moscow, 127pp., 1980

References
References which are mentioned only by authors name and a year (like Hodge 1994) are listed here first. These are general references, usually books which are dealing with several impact structures.
Hodge 1994	Hodge, Paul W., "Meteorite craters and impact structures of the Earth", book, 122 pp, Cambridge University Press (1994)
NASA 1988	"Astronaut's guide to terrestrial impact craters", Space Shuttle Earth Observation Project, Lunar and Planetary Institute (March 1988). There is maps and satellite photos for many impact structures.
CoM 1985	Graham, Bevan and Hutchison, "Catalogue of Meteorites", 4th Edition, (1985). I have pick up some additional references for some structures from this book.
Krinov 1966	E.L. Krinov, "Giant Meteorites", Pergamon Press (1966)

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References

in alphabetical order